lvgl/docs/porting/display.md

```eval_rst
.. include:: /header.rst 
:github_url: |github_link_base|/porting/display.md
```
# Display interface

To set up a display an `lv_disp_draw_buf_t` and an `lv_disp_drv_t` variables have to be initialized.
- `lv_disp_draw_buf_t` contains internal graphic buffer(s), called draw buffer(s).
- `lv_disp_drv_t` contains callback functions to interact with the display and manipulate drawing related things.

## Draw buffer

Draw buffer(s) are simple array(s) that LVGL uses to render the content of the screen. 
Once rendering is ready the content of the draw buffer is send to display using the `flush_cb` set in the display driver (see below).

A draw draw buffer can be initialized via a `lv_disp_draw_buf_t` variable like this:
```c
/*A static or global variable to store the buffers*/
static lv_disp_draw_buf_t disp_buf;

/*Static or global buffer(s). The second buffer is optional*/
static lv_color_t buf_1[MY_DISP_HOR_RES * 10];
static lv_color_t buf_2[MY_DISP_HOR_RES * 10];

/*Initialize `disp_buf` with the buffer(s) */
lv_disp_draw_buf_init(&disp_buf, buf_1, buf_2, MY_DISP_HOR_RES*10);
```

Note that `lv_disp_draw_buf_t` needs to be static, global or dynamically allocated and not a local variable destroyed if goes out of the scope. 


As you can see the draw buffer can be smaller than the screen. In this case, the larger areas will be redrawn in smaller parts that fit into the draw buffer(s). 
If only a small area changes (e.g. a button is  pressed) then only that area will be refreshed.

A larger buffer results in better performance but above 1/10 screen sized buffer(s) there is no significant performance improvement. 
Therefore it's recommended to choose the size of the draw buffer(s) to at least 1/10 screen sized.

If only **one buffer** is used LVGL draws the content of the screen into that draw buffer and sends it to the display.

If **two buffers**  are used LVGL can draw into one buffer while the content of the other buffer is sent to display in the background. 
DMA or other hardware should be used to transfer the data to the display to let the CPU draw meanwhile.
This way, the rendering and refreshing of the display become parallel. 

In the display driver (`lv_disp_drv_t`) the `full_refresh` bit can be enabled to force LVGL always redraw the whole screen. It works in both *one buffer* and *two buffers* modes.

If `full_refresh` is enabled and 2 screen sized draw buffers are provided, LVGL work as "traditional" double buffering. 
It means in `flush_cb` only the address of the frame buffer needs to be changed to provided pointer (`color_p` parameter).
This configuration should be used if the MCU has LCD controller periphery and not with an external display controller (e.g. ILI9341 or SSD1963). 

You can measure the performance of different draw buffer configurations using the [benchmark example](https://github.com/lvgl/lv_examples/tree/master/src/lv_demo_benchmark).

## Display driver

Once the buffer initialization is ready a `lv_disp_drv_t` display drivers need to be
1. initialized with `lv_disp_drv_init(&disp_drv)`
2. its fields needs to be set and
3. registered in LVGL with `lv_disp_drv_register(&disp_drv)`

Note that `lv_disp_drv_t` needs to be static, global or dynamically allocated and not a local variable destroyed if goes out of the scope. 

### Mandatory fields
In the most simple case only the following fields of `lv_disp_drv_t` needs to be set:
- `draw_buf` pointer to an initialized `lv_disp_draw_buf_t` variable.
- `flush_cb` a callback function to copy a buffer's content to a specific area of the display. 
`lv_disp_flush_ready(&disp_drv)` needs to be called when flushing is ready. 
LVGL might render the screen in multiple chunks and therefore call `flush_cb` multiple times. To see which is the last chunk of rendering use `lv_disp_flush_is_last(&disp_drv)`.
- `hor_res` horizontal resolution of the display in pixels. 
- `ver_res` vertical resolution of the display in pixels.

### Optional fields 
There are some optional data fields:
- `color_chroma_key` A color which will be drawn as transparent on chrome keyed images. Set to `LV_COLOR_CHROMA_KEY` by default from `lv_conf.h`.
- `user_data` A custom `void `user data for the driver..
- `anti_aliasing` use anti-aliasing (edge smoothing). Enabled by default if `LV_COLOR_DEPTH` is set to at least 16 in `lv_conf.h`.
- `rotated` and `sw_rotate` See the [rotation](#rotation) section below.
- `screen_transp` if `1` the screen itself can have transparency as well. `LV_COLOR_SCREEN_TRANSP` needs to enabled in `lv_conf.h` and requires `LV_COLOR_DEPTH 32`.

Some other optional callbacks to make easier and more optimal to work with monochrome, grayscale or other non-standard RGB displays:
- `rounder_cb` Round the coordinates of areas to redraw. E.g. a 2x2 px can be converted to 2x8.
It can be used if the display controller can refresh only areas with specific height or width (usually 8 px height with monochrome displays).
- `set_px_cb` a custom function to write the draw buffer. It can be used to store the pixels more compactly i nthe draw buffer if the display has a special color format. (e.g. 1-bit monochrome, 2-bit grayscale etc.)
This way the buffers used in `lv_disp_draw_buf_t` can be smaller to hold only the required number of bits for the given area size. Rendering with `set_px_cb` is slower than normal rendering.
- `monitor_cb` A callback function that tells how many pixels were refreshed in how much time.
- `clean_dcache_cb` A callback for cleaning any caches related to the display.

To use a GPU the following callbacks can be used:
- `gpu_fill_cb` fill an area in the memory with a color.
- `gpu_wait_cb` if any GPU function return, while the GPU is still working, LVGL will use this function when required the be sure GPU rendering is ready.

### Examples
All together it looks like this:
```c
static lv_disp_drv_t disp_drv;          /*A variable to hold the drivers. Must be static or global.*/
lv_disp_drv_init(&disp_drv);            /*Basic initialization*/
disp_drv.draw_buf = &disp_buf;          /*Set an initialized buffer*/
disp_drv.flush_cb = my_flush_cb;        /*Set a flush callback to draw to the display*/
disp_drv.hor_res = 320;                 /*Set the horizontal resolution in pixels*/
disp_drv.ver_res = 240;                 /*Set the vertical resolution in pixels*/

lv_disp_t * disp;
disp = lv_disp_drv_register(&disp_drv); /*Register the driver and save the created display objects*/
```

Here are some simple examples of the callbacks:
```c
void my_flush_cb(lv_disp_drv_t * disp_drv, const lv_area_t * area, lv_color_t * color_p)
{
    /*The most simple case (but also the slowest) to put all pixels to the screen one-by-one*/
    int32_t x, y;
    for(y = area->y1; y <= area->y2; y++) {
        for(x = area->x1; x <= area->x2; x++) {
            put_px(x, y, *color_p)
            color_p++;
        }
    }

    /* IMPORTANT!!!
     * Inform the graphics library that you are ready with the flushing*/
    lv_disp_flush_ready(disp_drv);
}

void my_gpu_fill_cb(lv_disp_drv_t * disp_drv, lv_color_t * dest_buf, const lv_area_t * dest_area, const lv_area_t * fill_area, lv_color_t color);
{
    /*It's an example code which should be done by your GPU*/
    uint32_t x, y;
    dest_buf += dest_width * fill_area->y1; /*Go to the first line*/

    for(y = fill_area->y1; y < fill_area->y2; y++) {
        for(x = fill_area->x1; x < fill_area->x2; x++) {
            dest_buf[x] = color;
        }
        dest_buf+=dest_width;    /*Go to the next line*/
    }
}


void my_rounder_cb(lv_disp_drv_t * disp_drv, lv_area_t * area)
{
  /* Update the areas as needed.
   * For example make the area to start only on 8th rows and have Nx8 pixel height:*/
   area->y1 = area->y1 & 0x07;
   area->y2 = (area->y2 & 0x07) + 8;
}

void my_set_px_cb(lv_disp_drv_t * disp_drv, uint8_t * buf, lv_coord_t buf_w, lv_coord_t x, lv_coord_t y, lv_color_t color, lv_opa_t opa)
{
    /* Write to the buffer as required for the display.
     * Write only 1-bit for monochrome displays mapped vertically:*/
   buf += buf_w * (y >> 3) + x;
   if(lv_color_brightness(color) > 128) (*buf) |= (1 << (y % 8));
   else (*buf) &= ~(1 << (y % 8));
}

void my_monitor_cb(lv_disp_drv_t * disp_drv, uint32_t time, uint32_t px)
{
  printf("%d px refreshed in %d ms\n", time, ms);
}

void my_clean_dcache_cb(lv_disp_drv_t * disp_drv, uint32)
{
  /* Example for Cortex-M (CMSIS) */
  SCB_CleanInvalidateDCache();
}
```

## Rotation

LVGL supports rotation of the display in 90 degree increments. You can select whether you'd like software rotation or hardware rotation.

If you select software rotation (`sw_rotate` flag set to 1), LVGL will perform the rotation for you. Your driver can and should assume that the screen width and height have not changed. Simply flush pixels to the display as normal. Software rotation requires no additional logic in your `flush_cb` callback.

There is a noticeable amount of overhead to performing rotation in software, which is why hardware rotation is also available. In this mode, LVGL draws into the buffer as though your screen now has the width and height inverted. You are responsible for rotating the provided pixels yourself.

The default rotation of your display when it is initialized can be set using the `rotated` flag. The available options are `LV_DISP_ROT_NONE`, `LV_DISP_ROT_90`, `LV_DISP_ROT_180`, or `LV_DISP_ROT_270`. The rotation values are relative to how you would rotate the physical display in the clockwise direction. Thus, `LV_DISP_ROT_90` means you rotate the hardware 90 degrees clockwise, and the display rotates 90 degrees counterclockwise to compensate.

(Note for users upgrading from 7.10.0 and older: these new rotation enum values match up with the old 0/1 system for rotating 90 degrees, so legacy code should continue to work as expected. Software rotation is also disabled by default for compatibility.)

Display rotation can also be changed at runtime using the `lv_disp_set_rotation(disp, rot)` API.

Support for software rotation is a new feature, so there may be some glitches/bugs depending on your configuration. If you encounter a problem please open an issue on [GitHub](https://github.com/lvgl/lvgl/issues).

## Further reading

See [lv_port_disp_template.c](https://github.com/lvgl/lvgl/blob/master/examples/porting/lv_port_disp_template.c) for a template for your own driver.

Check out the [Drawing](/overview/drawing) section to learn more about how rendering works in LVGL.

## API

```eval_rst

.. doxygenfile:: lv_hal_disp.h
  :project: lvgl

```