7.2 KiB
事件和信号
In this part of the PyQt5 programming tutorial, we will explore events and signals occurring in applications.
Events
All GUI applications are event-driven. Events are generated mainly by the user of an application. But they can be generated by other means as well: e.g. an Internet connection, a window manager, or a timer. When we call the application's exec_() method, the application enters the main loop. The main loop fetches events and sends them to the objects.
In the event model, there are three participants:
event source event object event target The event source is the object whose state changes. It generates events. The event object (event) encapsulates the state changes in the event source. The event target is the object that wants to be notified. Event source object delegates the task of handling an event to the event target.
PyQt5 has a unique signal and slot mechanism to deal with events. Signals and slots are used for communication between objects. A signal is emitted when a particular event occurs. A slot can be any Python callable. A slot is called when its connected signal is emitted.
Signals & slots
This is a simple example demonstrating signals and slots in PyQt5.
#!/usr/bin/python3
-- coding: utf-8 --
""" ZetCode PyQt5 tutorial
In this example, we connect a signal of a QSlider to a slot of a QLCDNumber.
author: Jan Bodnar website: zetcode.com last edited: January 2015 """
import sys from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt from PyQt5.QtWidgets import (QWidget, QLCDNumber, QSlider, QVBoxLayout, QApplication)
class Example(QWidget):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
lcd = QLCDNumber(self)
sld = QSlider(Qt.Horizontal, self)
vbox = QVBoxLayout()
vbox.addWidget(lcd)
vbox.addWidget(sld)
self.setLayout(vbox)
sld.valueChanged.connect(lcd.display)
self.setGeometry(300, 300, 250, 150)
self.setWindowTitle('Signal & slot')
self.show()
if name == 'main':
app = QApplication(sys.argv)
ex = Example()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
In our example, we display a QtGui.QLCDNumber and a QtGui.QSlider. We change the lcd number by dragging the slider knob.
sld.valueChanged.connect(lcd.display) Here we connect a valueChanged signal of the slider to the display slot of the lcd number.
The sender is an object that sends a signal. The receiver is the object that receives the signal. The slot is the method that reacts to the signal.
Signal & slot Figure: Signal & slot Reimplementing event handler
Events in PyQt5 are processed often by reimplementing event handlers.
#!/usr/bin/python3
-- coding: utf-8 --
""" ZetCode PyQt5 tutorial
In this example, we reimplement an event handler.
author: Jan Bodnar website: zetcode.com last edited: January 2015 """
import sys from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QWidget, QApplication
class Example(QWidget):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
self.setGeometry(300, 300, 250, 150)
self.setWindowTitle('Event handler')
self.show()
def keyPressEvent(self, e):
if e.key() == Qt.Key_Escape:
self.close()
if name == 'main':
app = QApplication(sys.argv)
ex = Example()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
In our example, we reimplement the keyPressEvent() event handler.
def keyPressEvent(self, e):
if e.key() == Qt.Key_Escape:
self.close()
If we click the Escape button, the application terminates.
Event sender
Sometimes it is convenient to know which widget is the sender of a signal. For this, PyQt5 has the sender() method.
#!/usr/bin/python3
-- coding: utf-8 --
""" ZetCode PyQt5 tutorial
In this example, we determine the event sender object.
author: Jan Bodnar website: zetcode.com last edited: January 2015 """
import sys from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QMainWindow, QPushButton, QApplication
class Example(QMainWindow):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
btn1 = QPushButton("Button 1", self)
btn1.move(30, 50)
btn2 = QPushButton("Button 2", self)
btn2.move(150, 50)
btn1.clicked.connect(self.buttonClicked)
btn2.clicked.connect(self.buttonClicked)
self.statusBar()
self.setGeometry(300, 300, 290, 150)
self.setWindowTitle('Event sender')
self.show()
def buttonClicked(self):
sender = self.sender()
self.statusBar().showMessage(sender.text() + ' was pressed')
if name == 'main':
app = QApplication(sys.argv)
ex = Example()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
We have two buttons in our example. In the buttonClicked() method we determine which button we have clicked by calling the sender() method.
btn1.clicked.connect(self.buttonClicked)
btn2.clicked.connect(self.buttonClicked)
Both buttons are connected to the same slot.
def buttonClicked(self):
sender = self.sender()
self.statusBar().showMessage(sender.text() + ' was pressed')
We determine the signal source by calling the sender() method. In the statusbar of the application, we show the label of the button being pressed.
Event sender Figure: Event sender Emitting signals
Objects created from a QObject can emit signals. In the following example we will see how we can emit custom signals.
#!/usr/bin/python3
-- coding: utf-8 --
""" ZetCode PyQt5 tutorial
In this example, we show how to emit a signal.
author: Jan Bodnar website: zetcode.com last edited: January 2015 """
import sys from PyQt5.QtCore import pyqtSignal, QObject from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QMainWindow, QApplication
class Communicate(QObject):
closeApp = pyqtSignal()
class Example(QMainWindow):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
self.c = Communicate()
self.c.closeApp.connect(self.close)
self.setGeometry(300, 300, 290, 150)
self.setWindowTitle('Emit signal')
self.show()
def mousePressEvent(self, event):
self.c.closeApp.emit()
if name == 'main':
app = QApplication(sys.argv)
ex = Example()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
We create a new signal called closeApp. This signal is emitted during a mouse press event. The signal is connected to the close() slot of the QMainWindow.
class Communicate(QObject):
closeApp = pyqtSignal()
A signal is created with the pyqtSignal() as a class attribute of the external Communicate class.
self.c = Communicate() self.c.closeApp.connect(self.close) The custom closeApp signal is connected to the close() slot of the QMainWindow.
def mousePressEvent(self, event):
self.c.closeApp.emit()
When we click on the window with a mouse pointer, the closeApp signal is emitted. The application terminates.