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绘图
PyQt5 painting system is able to render vector graphics, images, and outline font-based text. Painting is needed in applications when we want to change or enhance an existing widget, or if we are creating a custom widget from scratch. To do the drawing, we use the painting API provided by the PyQt5 toolkit.
The painting is done within the paintEvent() method. The painting code is placed between the begin() and end() methods of the QPainter object. It performs low-level painting on widgets and other paint devices.
Drawing text
We begin with drawing some Unicode text on the client area of a window.
#!/usr/bin/python3
-- coding: utf-8 --
""" ZetCode PyQt5 tutorial
In this example, we draw text in Russian azbuka.
author: Jan Bodnar website: zetcode.com last edited: September 2015 """
import sys from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QWidget, QApplication from PyQt5.QtGui import QPainter, QColor, QFont from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt
class Example(QWidget):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
self.text = u'\u041b\u0435\u0432 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\
\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0422\u043e\u043b\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439: \n
\u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430'
self.setGeometry(300, 300, 280, 170)
self.setWindowTitle('Draw text')
self.show()
def paintEvent(self, event):
qp = QPainter()
qp.begin(self)
self.drawText(event, qp)
qp.end()
def drawText(self, event, qp):
qp.setPen(QColor(168, 34, 3))
qp.setFont(QFont('Decorative', 10))
qp.drawText(event.rect(), Qt.AlignCenter, self.text)
if name == 'main':
app = QApplication(sys.argv)
ex = Example()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
In our example, we draw some text in Azbuka. The text is vertically and horizontally aligned.
def paintEvent(self, event): ... Drawing is done within the paint event.
qp = QPainter() qp.begin(self) self.drawText(event, qp) qp.end() The QPainter class is responsible for all the low-level painting. All the painting methods go between begin() and end() methods. The actual painting is delegated to the drawText() method.
qp.setPen(QColor(168, 34, 3)) qp.setFont(QFont('Decorative', 10)) Here we define a pen and a font which are used to draw the text.
qp.drawText(event.rect(), Qt.AlignCenter, self.text) The drawText() method draws text on the window. The rect() method of the paint event returns the rectangle that needs to be updated.
Drawing text Figure: Drawing text Drawing points
A point is the most simple graphics object that can be drawn. It is a small spot on the window.
#!/usr/bin/python3
-- coding: utf-8 --
""" ZetCode PyQt5 tutorial
In the example, we draw randomly 1000 red points on the window.
author: Jan Bodnar website: zetcode.com last edited: January 2015 """
import sys, random from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QWidget, QApplication from PyQt5.QtGui import QPainter, QColor, QPen from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt
class Example(QWidget):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
self.setGeometry(300, 300, 280, 170)
self.setWindowTitle('Points')
self.show()
def paintEvent(self, e):
qp = QPainter()
qp.begin(self)
self.drawPoints(qp)
qp.end()
def drawPoints(self, qp):
qp.setPen(Qt.red)
size = self.size()
for i in range(1000):
x = random.randint(1, size.width()-1)
y = random.randint(1, size.height()-1)
qp.drawPoint(x, y)
if name == 'main':
app = QApplication(sys.argv)
ex = Example()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
In our example, we draw randomly 1000 red points on the client area of the window.
qp.setPen(Qt.red) We set the pen to red colour. We use a predefined Qt.red colour constant.
size = self.size() Each time we resize the window, a paint event is generated. We get the current size of the window with the size() method. We use the size of the window to distribute the points all over the client area of the window.
qp.drawPoint(x, y) We draw the point with the drawPoint() method.
Points Figure: Points Colours
A colour is an object representing a combination of Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) intensity values. Valid RGB values are in the range from 0 to 255. We can define a colour in various ways. The most common are RGB decimal values or hexadecimal values. We can also use an RGBA value which stands for Red, Green, Blue, and Alpha. Here we add some extra information regarding transparency. Alpha value of 255 defines full opacity, 0 is for full transparency, e.g. the colour is invisible.
#!/usr/bin/python3
-- coding: utf-8 --
""" ZetCode PyQt5 tutorial
This example draws three rectangles in three #different colours.
author: Jan Bodnar website: zetcode.com last edited: January 2015 """
import sys from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QWidget, QApplication from PyQt5.QtGui import QPainter, QColor, QBrush
class Example(QWidget):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
self.setGeometry(300, 300, 350, 100)
self.setWindowTitle('Colours')
self.show()
def paintEvent(self, e):
qp = QPainter()
qp.begin(self)
self.drawRectangles(qp)
qp.end()
def drawRectangles(self, qp):
col = QColor(0, 0, 0)
col.setNamedColor('#d4d4d4')
qp.setPen(col)
qp.setBrush(QColor(200, 0, 0))
qp.drawRect(10, 15, 90, 60)
qp.setBrush(QColor(255, 80, 0, 160))
qp.drawRect(130, 15, 90, 60)
qp.setBrush(QColor(25, 0, 90, 200))
qp.drawRect(250, 15, 90, 60)
if name == 'main':
app = QApplication(sys.argv)
ex = Example()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
In our example, we draw 3 coloured rectangles.
color = QColor(0, 0, 0) color.setNamedColor('#d4d4d4') Here we define a colour using a hexadecimal notation.
qp.setBrush(QColor(200, 0, 0)) qp.drawRect(10, 15, 90, 60) Here we define a brush and draw a rectangle. A brush is an elementary graphics object which is used to draw the background of a shape. The drawRect() method accepts four parameters. The first two are x and y values on the axis. The third and fourth parameters are the width and height of the rectangle. The method draws the rectangle using the current pen and brush.
Colours Figure: Colours QPen
The QPen is an elementary graphics object. It is used to draw lines, curves and outlines of rectangles, ellipses, polygons, or other shapes.
#!/usr/bin/python3
-- coding: utf-8 --
""" ZetCode PyQt5 tutorial
In this example we draw 6 lines using different pen styles.
author: Jan Bodnar website: zetcode.com last edited: January 2015 """
import sys from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QWidget, QApplication from PyQt5.QtGui import QPainter, QColor, QPen from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt
class Example(QWidget):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
self.setGeometry(300, 300, 280, 270)
self.setWindowTitle('Pen styles')
self.show()
def paintEvent(self, e):
qp = QPainter()
qp.begin(self)
self.drawLines(qp)
qp.end()
def drawLines(self, qp):
pen = QPen(Qt.black, 2, Qt.SolidLine)
qp.setPen(pen)
qp.drawLine(20, 40, 250, 40)
pen.setStyle(Qt.DashLine)
qp.setPen(pen)
qp.drawLine(20, 80, 250, 80)
pen.setStyle(Qt.DashDotLine)
qp.setPen(pen)
qp.drawLine(20, 120, 250, 120)
pen.setStyle(Qt.DotLine)
qp.setPen(pen)
qp.drawLine(20, 160, 250, 160)
pen.setStyle(Qt.DashDotDotLine)
qp.setPen(pen)
qp.drawLine(20, 200, 250, 200)
pen.setStyle(Qt.CustomDashLine)
pen.setDashPattern([1, 4, 5, 4])
qp.setPen(pen)
qp.drawLine(20, 240, 250, 240)
if name == 'main':
app = QApplication(sys.argv)
ex = Example()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
In our example, we draw six lines. The lines are drawn in six different pen styles. There are five predefined pen styles. We can create also custom pen styles. The last line is drawn using a custom pen style.
pen = QPen(Qt.black, 2, Qt.SolidLine) We create a QPen object. The colour is black. The width is set to 2 pixels so that we can see the differences between the pen styles. The Qt.SolidLine is one of the predefined pen styles.
pen.setStyle(Qt.CustomDashLine) pen.setDashPattern([1, 4, 5, 4]) qp.setPen(pen) Here we define a custom pen style. We set a Qt.CustomDashLine pen style and call the setDashPattern() method. The list of numbers defines a style. There must be an even number of numbers. Odd numbers define a dash, even numbers space. The greater the number, the greater the space or the dash. Our pattern is 1px dash, 4px space, 5px dash, 4px space etc.
Pen styles Figure: Pen styles QBrush
The QBrush is an elementary graphics object. It is used to paint the background of graphics shapes, such as rectangles, ellipses, or polygons. A brush can be of three different types: a predefined brush, a gradient, or a texture pattern.
#!/usr/bin/python3
-- coding: utf-8 --
""" ZetCode PyQt5 tutorial
This example draws 9 rectangles in different brush styles.
author: Jan Bodnar website: zetcode.com last edited: July 2016 """
import sys from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QWidget, QApplication from PyQt5.QtGui import QPainter, QBrush from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt
class Example(QWidget):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
self.setGeometry(300, 300, 355, 280)
self.setWindowTitle('Brushes')
self.show()
def paintEvent(self, e):
qp = QPainter()
qp.begin(self)
self.drawBrushes(qp)
qp.end()
def drawBrushes(self, qp):
brush = QBrush(Qt.SolidPattern)
qp.setBrush(brush)
qp.drawRect(10, 15, 90, 60)
brush.setStyle(Qt.Dense1Pattern)
qp.setBrush(brush)
qp.drawRect(130, 15, 90, 60)
brush.setStyle(Qt.Dense2Pattern)
qp.setBrush(brush)
qp.drawRect(250, 15, 90, 60)
brush.setStyle(Qt.DiagCrossPattern)
qp.setBrush(brush)
qp.drawRect(10, 105, 90, 60)
brush.setStyle(Qt.Dense5Pattern)
qp.setBrush(brush)
qp.drawRect(130, 105, 90, 60)
brush.setStyle(Qt.Dense6Pattern)
qp.setBrush(brush)
qp.drawRect(250, 105, 90, 60)
brush.setStyle(Qt.HorPattern)
qp.setBrush(brush)
qp.drawRect(10, 195, 90, 60)
brush.setStyle(Qt.VerPattern)
qp.setBrush(brush)
qp.drawRect(130, 195, 90, 60)
brush.setStyle(Qt.BDiagPattern)
qp.setBrush(brush)
qp.drawRect(250, 195, 90, 60)
if name == 'main':
app = QApplication(sys.argv)
ex = Example()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
In our example, we draw nine different rectangles.
brush = QBrush(Qt.SolidPattern) qp.setBrush(brush) qp.drawRect(10, 15, 90, 60) We define a brush object. We set it to the painter object and draw the rectangle by calling the drawRect() method.
Brushes Figure: Brushes